SENSOR TUTORIAL
TYPES OF SENSORS USED IN ROBOTICS
1.
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IR Sensor |
An IR sensor is an electronic device that detects infrared radiation to sense objects or measure temperature. It works by either emitting infrared light and detecting the reflection off an object, or by directly sensing the thermal radiation from an object. Common applications include remote controls, security systems, motion detectors, and automated lighting.
2.
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| Flame Sensor |
A flame sensor detects the presence of fire by sensing electromagnetic radiation, typically infrared (IR) or ultraviolet (UV) light emitted by flames. These sensors are faster and more accurate than smoke detectors and are used in safety systems to trigger alarms, activate suppression systems, or shut down equipment. Popular types include infrared sensors that look for specific infrared wavelengths and UV sensors that detect UV rays, with common implementations featuring adjustable sensitivity and both digital and analog outputs.
3.
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| Ultrasonic Sensor |
An ultrasonic sensor is a device that uses sound waves to detect objects and measure distances without physical contact. It works by emitting high-frequency sound pulses and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return after bouncing off an object. This "time of flight" is then used to calculate the distance.
4.
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| MQ-6 Gas Sensor |
The MQ-6 is a low-cost gas sensor that detects combustible gases like LPG, propane, and butane by measuring changes in its resistance. It has a concentration detection range of 200 to 10000 ppm and provides both an analog output for measuring concentration and a digital output that can be set to trigger an alarm at a specific gas level using a potentiometer. It is often used in projects with microcontrollers like Arduino to create gas leak detection systems.
5.
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| Rain Sensor |
A rain sensor detects rainfall and measures its intensity using a circuit board with exposed conductive paths. When raindrops fall on the board, they complete a circuit, lowering the electrical resistance between the paths. This change in resistance is converted into an analog or digital output signal, which can then be used to trigger actions like closing a window or turning on a windshield wiper.
6.
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| Soil Moisture Sensor |
A soil moisture sensor measures the amount of water in soil, often by detecting electrical resistance or the soil's dielectric constant. These sensors are used in agriculture and gardening for efficient irrigation by monitoring plant needs, which helps optimize crop yields and conserve water. They typically consist of a probe inserted into the soil and a circuit board that converts the measured electrical properties into a signal indicating moisture level.
7.
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| Humidity Sensor |
A humidity sensor, or hygrometer, is an electronic device that measures the moisture level in the air, converting the reading into an electrical signal. These sensors work by using different principles, such as measuring changes in an electric field (capacitive), electrical resistance (resistive), or thermal conductivity, based on the amount of water vapor present. They are used in a wide range of applications, from weather stations and HVAC systems to medical and industrial environments, to monitor and control humidity levels for comfort, safety, and optimal performance.
8.
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| PIR Motion Sensor |
9.
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| LDR Sensor |
An LDR sensor module is a device that detects light intensity and uses a light-dependent resistor (LDR) to change its resistance based on the amount of light it receives. It typically has analog and digital outputs, and a potentiometer to adjust the sensitivity threshold. Common applications include light-sensitive circuits for automated lighting, security systems, and solar tracking.
10.
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| Colour Sensor Module |
A sensor module detects the color of an object by measuring the intensity of reflected light across the red, green, and blue wavelengths. It typically uses photodiodes with color filters and an integrated white LED to illuminate the object, with the resulting light intensity converted into a digital signal, often a square wave frequency, for a microcontroller to read. These modules are used in applications like sorting, calibration, and automated tasks.
11.
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| Pulse Sensor |
The Pulse Sensor is a plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It essentially combines a simple optical heart rate sensor with amplification and noise cancellation circuitry making it fast and easy to get reliable pulse readings. Pulse Sensor adds amplification and noise cancellation circuitry to the hardware.
12.
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| Voice Sensor |
A voice sensor, or sound sensor, is a device that detects and converts sound waves into an electrical signal for processing. These sensors are the foundation for many applications, from recognizing commands in smart speakers to monitoring noise levels and enabling voice commands on smartphones. They work by converting sound into an electrical signal and are used in a wide range of fields, including consumer electronics, security systems, robotics, and medical equipment.
13.
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| Vibration Sensor |
A vibration sensor is a device that detects mechanical vibrations and converts them into electrical signals. These signals, which can be converted into data about acceleration, velocity, or displacement, are used to monitor the health of machinery by identifying abnormal vibrations that may indicate a problem. Common types include piezoelectric accelerometers, and they are used in industrial maintenance for predictive maintenance to prevent failures and reduce downtime.
14.
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| Accelerometer Sensor |
An accelerometer is a sensor that measures acceleration forces, including static forces like gravity and dynamic forces from movement or vibration. These electromechanical devices can measure motion along one, two, or three axes and are used in a wide range of applications, from smartphones to industrial machinery. They work by detecting changes in motion and can provide data on things like inclination, shock, and vibration.
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